Phonetics Linguistics

Phonetics usually started from kindergarten level as the beginning learners. As I have experienced in teaching in kindergarten until now, the pupils have some ways to learn about phonetic.
They are:
1. Audio sounds
2. Video sounds (from YouTube)
3. Flashcard
4. Books
5. Pictures
6. Games

Based on Ladefoged, phonetics is the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities. it deals with configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulary phonetics), the acoustics properties to speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences (linguistics phonetics). (Peter N. Ladefoged)

There are three (3) types of the study of the sounds of language:

1. Acoustics Phonetics
It is the study of the physical properties of sounds, which are determined by measuring pitch (formants and frequencies), loudness (amplitude), and quality (timbre).

2. Auditory Phonetics
It is the study of the way listeners perceive sounds.

3. Articulatory Phonetics
It is the study of how the vocal tracts produce the sounds.

1. Acoustics Phonetics

Sound Measurements and Sound Waves:

a. Frequencies: refer to the rate at which a sound wave cycles from positive (crest), to negative (trough), and back to positive. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which represents the number of cycles per second.

b. Amplitude is the measurement of the intensity or strength of a sound and is shown in decibels. More specifically, amplitude is the extent to which air particles are moved or altered during changes in atmospheric pressure caused by sound waves. The greater the change in the sound wave, the greater the amplitude.

c. Harmonics are pure tones that are common in nature; most systems vibrate in more than one mode (simultaneously)

d. Formants are the crest, or spectral peaks of a sound wave. Formants occur at around 1,000 HZ and correspond to a measurement of resonance produced in the vocal tract during phonation.The formant with the lowest frequency is referred to as the F1, the second F2, the third F3, etc.

2. Auditory Phonetics

Auditory phonetics focuses on the perception of sounds or the way in which sounds are heard and interpreted. Thus, we may say that while articulary phonetics is mainly concerned with the speaker, auditory phonetics deals with the other important participant in verbal communication, the listener.

3. Articulatory Phonetics

The major division in speech sounds is that between vowels and consonants.

There are some the spelling of words in misleading, especially in English. One sound can be represented by several different combinations of letters. For example, all of the following words contain the same vowel sound: he, believe, Lee, Caesar, key, amoeba, loudly, machine, people, and sea. 

       

Phonetic Alphabet for English Pronunciation
p	pill	d	dill	h	heal	ʌ	but
b	bill	n	neal	l	leaf	aj	light
m	mill	s	seal	r	reef	ɔj	boy
f	feel	z	zeal	j	you	ɪ	bit
v	veal	tʃ	chill	w	witch	ɛ	bet
θ	thigh	dʒ	Jill	i	beet	ʊ	foot
ð	thy	ʍ	which	e	bait	ɔ	awe
ʃ	shill	k	kill	u	boot	a	bar
ʒ	azure	g	gill	o	boat	ə	sofa
t	till	ŋ	ring	æ	bat	aw	cow

The difference between spelling and sounds led to the formation of the International Phonetics Alphabets (IPA). The symbols used in this alphabets can be used to represent all sounds of all human languages. The following is the American English Phonetics alphabets. You might want to memorize all of these symbols, as most foreign language dictionaries use the IPA.

Some speakers of English pronounce the words "which" and "witch" differently, but if you pronounce both words identically, just use w for both words. The sounds /ʌ/ and /ə/
are pronounced the same, but the former is used in stressed syllables,  while the latter is used in unstressed syllables.  This list does not even begin to include all the phonetics symbols though. One other symbol is the glottal stop, ʔ which is somewhat rare in English. Some linguist in the United States traditionally use different symbols than the IPA symbols. These are listed below.

U.S.	IPA
š	ʃ
ž	ʒ
č	tʃ
ǰ	dʒ
U	ʊ

When the children learn the phonetics during their earlier years,  it is easier for them to understand and say it in the proper way.  Let the children study about phonetics in the simple way, so they are able to say it fluently in the future.  

The last, Phonetics Linguistics for me is the sound wave of each word that consists of vowels and consonants.  

Resources: 

http://www.linguisticsnetwork.com/the-basics-about-acoustic-phonetics/ 

http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/PhoneticsandPhonology/AuditoryPhonetics

https://ielanguages.com/phonetics.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/phonetics